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The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures was founded in 1909 in New York City, just 13 years after the birth of cinema, to protest New York City Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr.'s revocation of moving-picture exhibition licenses on Christmas Eve 1908. The mayor (son of the famed Civil War general) believed that the new medium degraded the morals of community. To assert their constitutional freedom of expression, theatre owners led by Marcus Loew and film distributors (Edison, Biograph, Pathé and Gaumont) joined John Collier of The People's Institute at Cooper Union and established the New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship, which soon changed its name to the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures to avoid the taint of the word "censorship". Its stated purpose was to endorse films of merit and champion the new "art of the people", which was transforming America's cultural life. In an effort to avoid government censorship of films, the National Board became the unofficial clearinghouse for new movies. From 1916 into the 1950s thousands of motion pictures carried the legend "Passed by the National Board of Review" in their main titles. However, the Board was a ''de facto'' censorship organization. Producers submitted their films to the Board before making release prints; they agreed to cut out any footage that the Board found objectionable, up to and including destroying the entire film.〔Robert Sklar, ''Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies''. New York: Vintage, 1975 (1994 edition), p. 31〕 In 1930, the NBR was the first group to choose the ten best English-language movies of the year and the best foreign films, and is still the first critical body to announce its annual awards. The NBR has also gained international acclaim for its publications: ''Film Program'' (1917–1926); ''Exceptional Photoplays'' (1920–1925); ''Photoplay Guide to Better Movies'' (1924–1926); ''National Board of Review Magazine'' (1926–1942); ''New Movies'' (1942–1949); and ''Films in Review'', which published its first issue in 1950. Influencing generations of filmmakers and film lovers, these journals have fostered commentary on all aspects of cinema production and history, counting among contributors Alfred Hitchcock, Fritz Lang, Harold Robbins, Tennessee Williams, Dore Schary, William Saroyan, James Agee, Manny Farber, William K. Everson, Alistair Cooke, and Pearl Buck. To determine the NBR's annual awards, ballots are sent in by over one hundred members — select knowledgeable film enthusiasts, academics, filmmakers, and students in the New York metropolitan area — and subsequently tabulated by a certified public accountancy firm in order to decide the winners. In addition, the Awards Jury helps to determine the special achievement awards presented at the annual gala in January. The organization also works to foster commentary on all aspects of film production by underwriting educational film programs and seminars for film students. In 2013, the NBR reached out to the community through the Children's Aid Society, Reel Works Teen Filmmaking, The Ghetto Film School and the Educational Video Center through grants and provided available seats at G, PG, and PG-13 screenings. The organization also awarded grants to twenty student filmmakers as part of its annual Student Grant Program. Like critics' groups (ex the NY Film Critics Circle) the National Board of Review has no commercial ties to the film industry, but it is composed not only of critics but also of professionals, teachers, historians and students. Therefore, it is often grouped separately from the other Critics' Awards. The Awards for the year 2014 were announced on 2 December 2014. ==''Films in Review''== The boards's official magazine had existed in several forms and different names since it inception. In 1950 the magazine changed its name from ''Screen Magazine'', and launched the first issue as ''Films in Review'' on February 1, 1950. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Board of Review」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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